Mediterranean diet

Trial registry update: ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING. No results reported in the supplied registry record.

Trial registry update: RECRUITING. No results reported in the supplied registry record.

Trial registry update: COMPLETED. No results reported in the supplied registry record.

This prospective cohort study of 52,718 UK Biobank participants followed for a mean of 12 years examined whether accelerated biological aging mediated the association between diet quality (measured by four indices including Mediterranean Diet Score) and cardiovascular disease outcomes. Higher diet quality was associated with lower CVD incidence and mortality, with accelerated aging mediating 21.81–40.84% of the association with incident CVD and 16.67–35.87% of the association with CVD mortality.

VIVI-OLIVE is a multicenter randomized trial testing a 24-month intervention combining multicomponent exercise (VIVIFRAIL), Mediterranean diet counselling, and 60 mL/day extra virgin olive oil supplementation versus control exercise alone in adults aged 75+ at high risk of falls. The primary outcome is change in usual gait speed; secondary outcomes include physical function, functional independence, falls, and fall-related consequences.

This is a randomized controlled trial comparing four arms over 8 weeks: Mediterranean-style diet alone, fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) alone, combined diet plus FMT, and placebo FMT in participants aged 40 and older. The study measures changes in inflammatory markers and biological aging biomarkers, with secondary outcomes including microbiome composition, metabolites, diet adherence, and quality of life.

This cross-sectional analysis of 12,511 U.S. adults from NHANES 2005-2010 examined whether diet quality, measured by the Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015), was associated with phenotypic age acceleration derived from 9 clinical biomarkers. Each 1-point increase in HEI-2015 was associated with lower odds of accelerated aging (OR = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.97-0.98). Mediation analysis found that approximately 29% of this association was mediated through body shape indices, particularly waist-to-height ratio and Body Roundness Index.

This 18-week randomized controlled crossover feeding study examined the effects of a lacto-vegetarian diet with pulses as the primary protein source compared to omnivorous diets in older adults. The study measured approximately 500 biomarkers including gut microbial metabolites, glycemic control markers, body composition, and immune function. The abstract describes the study design and hypothesis but does not report actual findings, effect sizes, or specific results.

This systematized narrative review synthesized evidence from in vivo models and observational studies on how cancer therapies damage the gut microbiome and how dietary patterns may influence long-term neurocognitive outcomes in adolescent and young adult survivors of childhood cancer. The authors propose that chemotherapy-induced dysbiosis leads to reduced short-chain fatty acid production and intestinal barrier dysfunction, driving neuroinflammation and cognitive deficits, and that anti-inflammatory diets such as MIND and postbiotics show "measurable restorative potential." However, the review found no completed randomized controlled trials testing these interventions in cancer survivors.

This narrative review synthesized evidence on the Planetary Health Diet (PHD), gut microbiome composition, and aging. The authors report that adherence to PHD-consistent dietary patterns is associated with greater microbial diversity, increased production of microbial metabolites, and more favorable intestinal barrier and immune profiles. Prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials cited in the review show dietary patterns consistent with the PHD are associated with lower risks of cardiometabolic diseases, frailty, cognitive decline, and premature mortality.

This was a Phase III randomized controlled trial in people with metabolic syndrome designed to test whether metformin and comprehensive lifestyle changes (moderate physical activity, Mediterranean/macrobiotic diet with calorie and protein restriction) prevent age-related chronic diseases. The abstract describes only the study design and aims; no results or outcomes are reported.

This prospective cohort study followed 123,219 US nurses and health professionals for up to 34 years to examine whether five modifiable lifestyle factors—never smoking, healthy weight, regular physical activity, moderate alcohol use, and high-quality diet—were associated with mortality and life expectancy. Adults who maintained all five low-risk factors had substantially lower mortality rates (74% lower all-cause mortality hazard ratio) and lived an average of 12–14 years longer beyond age 50 compared to those with none of these factors. The study combined follow-up data with national health surveys and mortality databases to project life expectancies for the US population.