Exercise

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This systematic review examined molecular mechanisms of skeletal muscle aging, emphasizing that age-related muscle dysfunction results from more than just mass loss, involving changes across myofibers, stem cells, immune, vascular, and metabolic systems. The authors reviewed therapeutic evidence and identified exercise and nutritional optimization as established clinical approaches, while mitochondrial, anabolic, senescence-directed, and regenerative strategies are presented as emerging interventions. The review synthesized evidence from single-cell, multi-omics, and translational studies to propose a framework of muscle aging centered on impaired proteostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, chronic inflammation, and cellular senescence.

This systematic review examined mTOR signaling as a hub coordinating aging processes across genetic, experimental, and translational studies. In model organisms, mTOR pathway inhibition shows causal effects on lifespan regulation, whereas human data remain predominantly observational and associative. The review identifies mTOR as an integrative node linking multiple aging hallmarks and notes that major geroprotective interventions—including autophagy activation, dietary changes, physical activity, and senotherapeutics—partly converge on but also diverge from mTOR pathway modulation.

A randomized controlled crossover feeding study compared a plant-forward diet with and without added minimally processed lean pork in adults 65 and older over 18 weeks. The study assessed over 250 outcome measures including metabolomics, physical fitness, and metabolic markers. Results were not reported in the abstract provided.

A randomized controlled trial tested whether an eight-week modified Otago Exercise Program improved neurocognitive function and balance in community-dwelling older adults. The abstract does not report the sample size, effect sizes, specific findings, or which outcomes showed improvement.

This randomized controlled trial examined whether eight weeks of Tai Chi exercise could improve quality of life and reduce depressive symptoms in elderly patients with sarcopenia, compared to standard elderly exercise. The study measured health-related quality of life using the Sarcopenia Quality of Life (SarQoL) questionnaire and depressive symptoms using the Geriatric Depression Scale-15 (GDS-15). However, the abstract does not report the actual results, sample size, or effect sizes achieved.

VIVI-OLIVE is a multicenter randomized trial testing a 24-month intervention combining multicomponent exercise (VIVIFRAIL), Mediterranean diet counselling, and 60 mL/day extra virgin olive oil supplementation versus control exercise alone in adults aged 75+ at high risk of falls. The primary outcome is change in usual gait speed; secondary outcomes include physical function, functional independence, falls, and fall-related consequences.

This randomized controlled trial compared a 12-week home-based multicomponent exercise program delivered via a Telegram chatbot versus paper-based instructions in community-dwelling older adults. Both groups performed identical exercises targeting strength, balance, flexibility, and walking. The primary outcome was exercise adherence; secondary outcomes included physical function, physical activity, satisfaction, and safety. No results on outcomes were reported in the provided abstract.

This RCT investigated whether a 6-month regular exercise program could improve appetite and prevent weight loss in institutionalized older adults. The study examined longitudinal relationships between daily physical activity, appetite, and bodyweight over 6 months in nursing home residents. No effect sizes or results were reported in the abstract provided.

This prospective cohort study of 89,010 UK Biobank participants with wearable accelerometer data found that prolonged sedentary time (≥10 hours/day) with infrequent breaks (<12 bouts/day) was associated with a 51.5% higher risk of all-cause mortality, 55.3% higher cardiovascular mortality risk, and 10% higher CVD incidence risk compared to the least sedentary group, during 8 years of follow-up. At age 50, this sedentary pattern was associated with loss of 2.8 years in men and 3.1 years in women of CVD-free life expectancy. More frequent interruptions to sedentary time attenuated these risks.

In this 12-week randomized trial of 79 community-dwelling older adults with cognitive frailty, participants assigned to exergaming combined with elastic band resistance training (3 sessions/week, 50 min each) showed significantly greater improvements in physical activity (IPAQ-SF +586.1 MET-min/week, 95% CI 454.5–717.7) and exercise self-efficacy (SEE +3.3, 95% CI 2.4–4.2) compared to routine health education alone. The intervention group achieved 86.5% adherence, and qualitative interviews (n=13) identified themes of enhanced enjoyment, positive health perceptions, and improved social interaction.

This is a review article that synthesizes evidence on the pathophysiology of sarcopenia, focusing on early changes in the muscle microenvironment rather than end-stage myofiber atrophy. The authors identify key mechanisms including dysregulated immunity, cellular senescence, satellite cell dysfunction, mitochondrial dysfunction, and impaired proteostasis. The review proposes that targeting these early alterations through exercise, nutrition, anti-inflammatory strategies, senescent cell clearance, and mitochondrial support may offer more effective therapeutic approaches than interventions addressing only late-stage muscle loss.

This observational study examined the feasibility, acceptability, and adherence of a remotely monitored Fall Prevention Pathway (FPP) exercise intervention for older adults at risk of falls. The authors reference prior work supporting exercise-based interventions and remote monitoring as effective strategies for reducing fall risk, and report that their digital health approach demonstrated engagement and clinical outcomes, though specific results and participant numbers are not provided in this abstract.

This is a two-phase study protocol: phase 1 is a dose-escalation pilot in 18 older adults (≥60 years) with coronary artery disease undergoing cardiac rehabilitation, receiving oral rapamycin at 0.5, 1, or 2mg daily with measurement of frailty, quality of life, and senescent biomarkers; phase 2 is a planned RCT comparing exercise alone versus exercise plus low-dose rapamycin. No results are reported here—this is a protocol describing the planned intervention and endpoints.

This RCT tested whether engaging hospitalized ambulatory patients to walk with trained volunteers would reduce deconditioning and functional decline. The investigators hypothesized that increased walking through volunteer engagement would lead to less muscle loss, fewer falls, shorter hospital stays, and reduced readmission rates. Results of the trial are not provided in the abstract.

FORMULA 100 is a prospective single-arm feasibility study of an ICOPE-based multidomain intervention in 250 community-dwelling adults aged 65+ at two Italian Active Ageing Centers. Participants were screened for intrinsic capacity decline, underwent multidimensional assessment, and received a personalized 3-month intervention addressing physical, cognitive, nutritional, psychological, sensory, and social needs. The primary outcome was the proportion completing 6-month follow-up; effect sizes on health outcomes were not reported.

A meta-analysis of 14 randomized controlled trials (n=893, ages 30-94) examined the effect of exercise training on circulating α-Klotho. Chronic training (≥12 weeks) produced a pooled effect of Hedges' g=1.20 (95% CI 0.85-1.55). In chronic kidney disease patients specifically, exercise increased Klotho by 158.82 pg/mL and reduced FGF23 by 102.07 pg/mL. Resistance training and high-intensity interval training showed the most robust effects.

This 24-week randomized controlled trial enrolled 136 postmenopausal women (aged 45-60) assigned to control, exercise training, everolimus (5 mg weekly), or combined treatment. The primary outcome was percentage change in bone formation marker P1NP at week 24, with secondary outcomes including bone resorption marker CTX, bone mineral density, bone structure, muscle function, and postural balance. The study does not report the effect sizes or results for any outcome.

This RCT examined whether 8 weeks of combined exercise training, delivered 3 days per week, could improve muscle thickness, balance, and reduce fall risk in patients with sarcopenic multiple sclerosis. Participants were assessed before and after the 8-week intervention. Results of the analysis are not reported in this abstract.

This is a randomized feasibility trial protocol examining whether supervised aerobic and strength exercise is practical and safe during neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. Participants were assigned to supervised exercise or usual care, with comparisons made before and after chemotherapy. The protocol does not report sample size, effect sizes, or actual results from the trial.

This is a protocol for an intervention study within extension projects at UFBA evaluating multicomponent training and gymnastics in adults and older adults (60+). The planned study will measure anthropometric, sociodemographic, and physical-functional outcomes, along with quality of life, sleep quality, fear of falling, and activities of daily living before and after intervention. No results are reported.

This randomised controlled trial investigated a novel computer vision-based cognitive-motor training program (CogXergaming) designed for older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The intervention aimed to improve cognitive-motor function, physical activity, falls efficacy, and quality of life compared to control. The abstract does not report the results of the study, sample size, or effect sizes.

Researchers delivered a 24-week community-based program combining group artmaking and dual-task exergaming to community-dwelling older adults through a local YMCA. The study measured changes in cognitive function and physical functioning in response to the intervention.

Systematic review of 107 randomised trials (26,886 adults with coronary heart disease) comparing exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation versus no exercise control. At short-term follow-up (6-12 months), exercise reduced myocardial infarction (RR 0.72), all-cause hospitalisation (RR 0.65), and likely reduced all-cause mortality (RR 0.86). Health-related quality of life improved across multiple domains, and eight economic studies confirmed cost-effectiveness.

The MOTIVATE study is a randomized trial protocol examining supervised exercise (3 times weekly for 32 weeks) and semaglutide treatment (weekly injections for 16 weeks), alone or combined, versus control in older adults with type 2 diabetes. The study will measure cognitive function via testing, physical outcomes, metabolic markers, and brain imaging to evaluate whether these interventions support cognitive health and physical function in this population.

PhActHealth is a multicenter RCT enrolling women with newly diagnosed luminal B or triple-negative breast cancer. Participants were randomly assigned to lifestyle counseling alone (control) or counseling plus a personalized aerobic and resistance exercise program during neoadjuvant treatment. The study measured exercise capacity as the primary outcome, with secondary outcomes including immune response, autonomic nervous system regulation, cardiovascular health, and tumor aggressiveness markers.

A two-stage study evaluated technology-assisted circuit exercise with real-time heart rate monitoring in community-dwelling older adults. Stage 1 used randomized allocation to compare an intervention group receiving 24 sessions of moderate-intensity circuit training (50-60% heart rate reserve) over 8 weeks against a control group; Stage 2 extended the program without a concurrent control. Outcomes measured included cardiac function, arterial stiffness, body composition, functional fitness, blood biomarkers, depressive symptoms, and sleep quality.

This Phase 1b RCT assessed the safety and feasibility of combining exercise, spermidine supplementation, and either rapamycin or lamivudine in participants. The study evaluated whether this multi-component intervention could be delivered as designed and was tolerated, as a precursor to testing effects on inflammation and aging markers.

The ACTIONcardioRisk trial investigated the effect of combined aerobic exercise, progressive resistance training, and cognitive training on neurocognitive functioning in sedentary older adults with and without cardiovascular risk factors. The abstract does not report what effects were found, sample size, or effect sizes.

This 16-week randomized controlled trial compared 213 older women (aged 75+, living alone, Oslo) assigned to supervised group exercise at a fitness club with social interaction, independent fitness club exercise, or usual activities. Outcomes included loneliness, social connectedness, quality of life, mental health, physical activity, and physical fitness measured by questionnaires, physical performance tests, and activity monitoring, with qualitative interviews exploring participant experiences.

This 8-week study examined a combined land and aquatic exercise program conducted 3 days per week in older adults. Physical performance was measured using handgrip strength and the 30-second chair sit-up test, while recreational swimming behaviors and water-related risk perceptions were assessed through questionnaires. The abstract provides no reported results, effect sizes, or sample size details.

A randomized controlled pilot feasibility trial examined whether polyphenol supplementation combined with 12 weeks of supervised resistance and aerobic exercise could improve physical function and muscle health in older adults compared to placebo. Participants received either a polyphenol blend or maltodextrin placebo while completing the exercise program. The study included exploratory analysis of muscle biopsies and plasma samples to assess cellular and molecular effects.

The STRONG study is a randomized controlled trial proposing to test whether a year-long combined intervention of dietary protein, blueberries, and exercise reduces frailty and cardiovascular disease risk in older at-risk adults in Nova Scotia. The study aims to address gaps in prior frailty research by including adequate sample size, balanced sex representation, and testing synergistic effects of multiple lifestyle modifications on both frailty and cardiovascular outcomes. No results or findings from the study are reported in this abstract.

This randomized pilot trial evaluated synchronous home-based tele-exercise in dialysis patients, assessing feasibility, safety, and potential efficacy. The study focused on addressing key uncertainties about implementing tele-exercise in this population rather than testing a primary hypothesis. No efficacy outcomes, sample size, or effect sizes were reported in the abstract.

This randomized clinical trial tested a home-based multicomponent exercise program (strength, balance, flexibility, mobility training) with periodic monitoring and three-weekly progression in centenarians from the BIOANCIENT cohort. The abstract does not report the sample size, primary outcomes measured, or any effect sizes or results.

This observational study examined whether exercise volume from a 6-month supervised high-intensity interval training program was associated with changes in DNA methylation-based biological aging measures and other physiological markers in adults aged 50-70 years. Participants completed three supervised sessions weekly, with training intensity individually prescribed and monitored. The study assessed multiple biological aging clocks (DNAmFitAge, DNAmPhenoAge, DNAmGrimAge, Hannum Age, DunedinPACE, and others) along with cardiovascular function, aerobic capacity, muscle performance, body composition, metabolic biomarkers, and gut microbiome composition before and after the intervention.

This randomized clinical trial tested a home-based multicomponent exercise program (Vivifrail) in community-dwelling adults aged 90 and older. Participants were assigned to Vivifrail twice weekly, Vivifrail three times weekly, or control, with physical function measured by Short Physical Performance Battery at baseline, 12 weeks, and 24 weeks.

This randomized controlled trial compared a 3-month progressive exercise program (aerobic and resistance training) plus standard care versus standard chemotherapy and nutritional counseling alone in patients aged 40-60 receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy for non-metastatic cancer. The study measured biomarkers related to muscle-bone signaling (myokines and osteokines) and functional physical outcomes to assess whether targeted exercise could attenuate cachexia.

A randomized controlled trial compared 6 months of home-based walking against health education in older adults with chronic kidney disease and mild cognitive impairment. The study examined effects on memory, brain structure, and brain function. Results showing whether walking improved these outcomes are not reported in the provided abstract.

This is a randomized controlled trial comparing home-based aerobic exercise (AE), combined aerobic and resistance exercise (ARE), and control (physical activity counseling) in adult patients with chronic liver disease who have complications including sarcopenia, malnutrition, and fatigue. The 8-week intervention measured oxygen consumption, muscle strength, body composition, frailty, fatigue, and quality of life before and after the program. The abstract describes the study design and planned measurements but does not report the actual results or findings.

ACTIVE is a randomized controlled trial testing whether a home-based exercise program combined with behavioural change techniques can reduce falls compared to health education control in community-dwelling older adults with cognitive frailty and a history of falls. The abstract presents only the trial rationale and primary research question without reporting study results, sample characteristics, intervention details, or outcomes.

This pilot randomized controlled trial examined whether preoperative prehabilitation combining neuromuscular strength training and sedentary behavior reduction would reduce surgical complications, length of stay, and improve recovery in patients undergoing elective surgery. The authors note that exercise can modify molecular drivers of frailty and that reducing sedentary behavior is recommended to prevent frailty, but the abstract does not report the study's actual findings on these outcomes.

A randomized controlled trial tested a community-based physical exercise program in people aged 50 and older with multiple chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, or musculoskeletal disease. The program aimed to improve cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength, bone health, functional capacity, and quality of life through personalized exercise prescription. The abstract describes the study design and objectives but does not report the actual findings, effect sizes, or whether outcomes improved.

This observational study compared three groups in a rural area: participants in a one-year exercise program (G1), newly enrolled participants (G2), a control group of self-reported active non-participants (G3). Physical activity was measured by accelerometry. The abstract does not report specific activity levels, effect sizes, or statistical comparisons between groups.

This study evaluated the acceptability, feasibility, and safety of a prehabilitation program (combining exercise and nutrition) designed for head and neck cancer patients before surgery. The authors examined whether such a program could be safely implemented in this population, but the abstract does not report specific outcome data or sample characteristics.

This randomized controlled trial evaluated an eight-week Tai Chi exercise program in elderly patients with sarcopenia, comparing it to standard elderly gymnastics. The study measured handgrip strength, balance (5-times Sit-to-Stand test), mobility (Timed Up and Go test), and daily physical activity (PASE questionnaire). The abstract states the study aimed to determine whether Tai Chi yielded significant improvements in these measures, but does not report the actual results, sample size, or effect sizes.

This randomized sham-controlled trial tested a home-based prehabilitation program combining exercise, protein-rich nutrition, and stress management in adults aged 65+ with mild-to-moderate frailty awaiting cardiac surgery (≥5 weeks preoperatively). The intervention group received structured exercise training 3 times weekly plus education and relaxation techniques, while controls received sham light stretching and usual care. The study measured functional capacity, frailty status, cardiac function, inflammation markers, quality of life, psychological outcomes, major adverse cardiovascular and cerebral events, and hospital readmission rates.

A prospective study planned to enroll 60 head and neck cancer patients (30 experimental, 30 control) to examine whether exercise training after chemoradiotherapy changes skeletal muscle mass measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and CT imaging, and whether these changes associate with systemic inflammatory markers and cancer prognosis. Patients in the experimental group received 36 exercise training sessions with pre- and post-intervention measurements of muscle mass and inflammatory biomarkers.

This RCT examined the feasibility and acceptability of adding remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) to rehabilitative exercise training in people over 65 with mobility difficulty. The study aimed to assess effects on muscle strength, muscle mass, exercise tolerance, resilience, quality of life, physical activity, and physical function. No sample size, effect sizes, or numerical results were reported in the material provided.

This randomized controlled trial compared exercise snacks (short bouts throughout the day), home-based resistance training, and a non-exercise control group in older adults with possible sarcopenia over 8 weeks. Muscle strength and physical function were assessed before and after the intervention. Results were not reported in the provided abstract.

A randomized controlled trial assigned hemodialysis patients to one of three groups: aerobic exercise using a cycle ergometer, resistance exercise using elastic bands, or standard care. After 6 months, researchers assessed physical function, body composition, quality of life, and dialysis-related outcomes. The abstract does not report the actual results, sample size, or effect sizes.

This study protocol describes an 8-week forest-based intervention combining exercise (trail walking, resistance training, stretching) with sensory activities (aromatherapy, deep breathing) delivered twice weekly in 180-minute sessions at a forest healing facility. The study aims to measure effects on muscle strength, physical performance, and psychological well-being in older women with sarcopenia, with assessments at baseline, post-intervention, and 1-month follow-up. No results are reported.

This RCT evaluated a computational ecosystem called MOTIVA that combines resistance training (VIVIFRAIL program) with motivational support and functional assessment for unsupervised exercise in community-dwelling older adults. The study aimed to determine whether this system would improve independence, physical and cognitive health, and reduce healthcare utilization in robust and prefrail participants. The abstract does not report the sample size, effect sizes, or specific results obtained.

A randomized controlled trial of 80 prefrail and frail men aged ≥60 undergoing radical prostatectomy compared short-term home-based multimodal prehabilitation (exercise, nutrition, psychology, pelvic floor training, breathing, health guidance) to usual care alone over a median 12-day preoperative period. The prehabilitation group improved 6-minute walk distance by 27.70 m from baseline to preoperatively, while usual care declined by 3.12 m, yielding a 30.82 m between-group difference (P < 0.001). Exploratory findings suggested faster early ambulation, gastrointestinal recovery, and shorter hospital stay.

This was a Phase III randomized controlled trial in people with metabolic syndrome designed to test whether metformin and comprehensive lifestyle changes (moderate physical activity, Mediterranean/macrobiotic diet with calorie and protein restriction) prevent age-related chronic diseases. The abstract describes only the study design and aims; no results or outcomes are reported.

This 6-week pilot RCT enrolled 28 older adults (14 per group) in supervised laboratory sessions of Baduanjin qigong, with one group receiving real-time webcam-based visual feedback on movement form and the other receiving standard instruction. The feedback group showed a marginally lower average 2D pose discrepancy across all 6 weeks (1.20° lower, 95% CI -2.38° to -0.02°, P=.046), and one specific movement form (Form 3) showed a larger between-group difference (−3.70°, Hedges g=−1.30, Holm-adjusted P=.04). However, no significant group differences emerged in week-by-week trajectories or in analyses examining whether feedback prevented deterioration in movement accuracy over time.

This phase II randomized controlled trial tested fisetin (a dietary compound found in strawberries) combined with exercise against placebo for preventing frailty in breast cancer survivors. The trial was designed to evaluate whether fisetin could eliminate senescent cells—aged cells that stop dividing but persist in tissues—which are hypothesized to contribute to frailty through inflammatory pathways.

This prospective cohort study followed 123,219 US nurses and health professionals for up to 34 years to examine whether five modifiable lifestyle factors—never smoking, healthy weight, regular physical activity, moderate alcohol use, and high-quality diet—were associated with mortality and life expectancy. Adults who maintained all five low-risk factors had substantially lower mortality rates (74% lower all-cause mortality hazard ratio) and lived an average of 12–14 years longer beyond age 50 compared to those with none of these factors. The study combined follow-up data with national health surveys and mortality databases to project life expectancies for the US population.

This RCT tested whether a combination of lifestyle intervention (weight loss and exercise) plus metformin was effective for reversing sarcopenic obesity and frailty in older obese Veterans. The abstract describes the study hypothesis and population but does not report results, sample sizes, or effect sizes.

This observational study of 410 individuals with schizophrenia spectrum or affective disorders examined whether lifestyle factors were associated with telomere length, a marker of cellular ageing. Participants reporting healthy lifestyles had significantly longer telomeres than those reporting unhealthy lifestyles (Cohen's d = 0.58, p = 0.004), with an apparent dose-response relationship between increasing unhealthy behaviours and shorter telomeres (p = 0.02). The observed difference corresponded to approximately 6 years of biological age.